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Limitations
Base walking speeds come from open studies: fit adult 1.33 m/s (Melnikov 2021, measured in Singapore; TCRP 112/NCHRP 562), young child aged 2–6 1.0 (Rygelová 2023), pregnant 1.1 (Branco 2013), elderly 0.9 (TCRP 112, over-60s; Studenski 2011). The Newcomer is a proxy: 0.79 of a local's speed, from one study of visitors finding their way in Osaka (Qin 2002). These are assumptions not yet backed by sources: the heat, hills, stairs and rain-detour penalties. Real people vary, and results are averages. BGC is almost flat, so hills barely change anything, and covered walkways are under-mapped in OpenStreetMap, so rain and heat effects are approximate.